Before and After Snowden

Before After Before After

Enabling Digital Citizenship? The Reshaping of Surveillance Policy After Snowden

The revelations by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden have led to policy reform debates in several countries and to policy change in some, including a new legislative framework in the UK—the Investigatory Powers Act. In this article, we trace the forces and dynamics that have shaped this particular policy response. We investigate key controversies over the types and extent of surveillance; the ca...

Comparing Quality of Life Before and After Surgery in Patients with Cushing Disease: A Before-After Study

Comparing the Pattern of Primary Dysmenorrhea Before and After Childbirth

Background & aim: Dysmenorrhea also known as menstrual cramp or painful period is one of the most prevalent health issues among women. There are contradictory evidence regarding the impact of childbirth on the occurrence of dysmenorrhea. Also, only pain severity has been examined, as one of the clinical features of dysmenorrea in most related literature and the other characteristics of pain inc...

Microbial Evaluation of Turkish Herbal Teas Before and After Infusion

Background: Herbal teas are produced and sold in packaged or unpackaged forms all over the world. The aim of this study was microbial evaluation of Turkish herbal teas before and after infusion in boiled water. Methods: A total of 20 packaged and unpackaged samples of Turkish herbal teas, including chamomile, salvia, green, mix, apple, mate, ginger, linden, fennel, and senna tea were collected...